<p>The Serra del Cadí is a mountain range in the north of Catalonia, Spain, part of the Pre-Pyrenees. Its highest peak is the Vulturó, with an altitude of 2,648 m.</p><br>
<p>It stretches from east to west between Alt Urgell and Berguedà. The Llobregat River has its sources in Castellar de n&#39;Hug at an altitude of 1,259 meters on the Serra del Cadí.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Geologically the northern slopes are made up of Jurassic materials while the peaks are Eocene limestone. The southern face is an almost continuous series of sheer cliffs. The present structure formed during the Tertiary as a consequence of the orogenesis of the Pyrenees and is characterized by its Alpine folding.</p><br>
<p>This jagged mountain range was formerly a natural barrier hampering communication between Barcelona and Cerdanya, but the situation was resolved after the Cadí Tunnel was built together with the C-16 highway which follows the valley of the Llobregat.</p><br>
<p>Believed to be extinct in Catalonia, the first wolf in 80 years was found recently in the Serra del Cadí.</p><br>
<h2>Protected areas</h2><br>
<p>Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park was created in July 1983 to protect the Serra del Cadí, as well as the adjacent Serra de Moixeró, Pedraforca mountain, and part of the Tosa d&#39;Alp and Puigllançada.</p><br>
<p>The Marshall Site  is an Early Mississippian culture archaeological site located near Bardwell in Carlisle County, Kentucky, on a bluff spur overlooking the Mississippi River floodplain. The site was occupied from about 900 to about 1300 CE during the James Bayou Phase of the local chronology and was abandoned sometime during the succeeding Dorena Phase. Its inhabitants may have moved to the Turk Site, which is located on the nearest adjacent bluff spur to the south, and which was founded about this time. It is several miles south of the Wickliffe Mounds Site. Marshall is a large village site, with evidence of once having had mounds and earthworks, although it is unclear from what time period these mounds would date. It is one of the few James Bayou Phase sites to be extensively excavated. Because it was abandoned. its archaeological features were undisturbed by later occupations.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, an archaeological team from the University of Illinois conducted excavations at Marshall, with some work being performed by the universitys summer field school. Four locations were excavated: spots on the eastern and western sides of the central knoll, another on a spur to the north, and a fourth at the bluff edge to the southwest of the center. On the eastern side of the knoll, a substantial midden was investigated and found to possess good stratigraphy; a piece of charcoal from the midden was radiocarbon dated to c. 1027 CE. On the western side of the knoll, excavations examined the remains of a house under a midden, finding shell-tempered pottery, while the excavation north of the knoll revealed the presence of numerous linear features interpreted as being the remains of several houses that were constructed on the site in sequence. Little was found in the excavation site to the southwest of the knoll; the excavators tested a horseshoe-shaped earthwork but were able to establish virtually nothing aside from a conclusive determination that it was the sites southwestern corner.</p><br>
<p>The Karaburun Peninsula  is a peninsula located in the southwestern Albania. The peninsula essentially forms the eastern shore of the Strait of Otranto, a narrow strait that connects the Adriatic Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south.</p><br>
<p>More than 20,000 square kilometres of the peninsula is occupied by the Rreza e Kanalit-Karaburun Penninsula Nature Reserve, while the remaining lies within the Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>It has an area of 62 km&sup2; and has no population. It is 16 km long with a width that varies from 3 to 4.5 km. The peninsula is a Managed Nature Reserve, and contains the Pasha Liman military base. The surrounding sea waters form part of the Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park. In 2014, the Regina Blu ferry was established by a Radhime-based hotel owner making trips to Karaburun Peninsula and Sazan Island while stopping along the secluded beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Karaburun Peninsula occupies a significant portion of southwestern Albania in Vlorë County, whereas the Strait of Otranto separates it from Salento in Italy. It borders with Gulf of Vlorë to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west. In the north, the waters of Mezokanal (or South canal) divide the peninsula from Sazan Island, which is 4.8 km away. On the south, Karaburun peninsula’s border lies on the virtual line that links the extreme south of Vloras Gulf with Gjiri i Arushës (Bear’s bay) to the west. The highest altitude of the peninsula is Maja e Koretës (Koreta’s peak) 826 m above sea level. Here, a telecommunication antenna tower was erected in recent years. Northwest rises the other prominent peak of the peninsula: Maja e Ilqes 733 m. Southeast of the peaks the terrain lowers to the karstic plateau of Ravena (with altitudes 200–300 m), well known for its wintry pastures. Whereas the offshore margin of the Karaburun peninsula has been investigated down to -200m of water depth, within 4/5 km. The western coast of Karaburun peninsula comprises a rough relief, steep cliffs, caves, small bays and rocky beaches, such as Gjiri i Arushës (Bears bay), Gjiri i Dafinës (Laurel bay) and 14 km southeast of Gjiri i Arushës is located the most interesting Grama Bay (Gjiri i Gramës), a small bay where ships and vessels anchored since antiquity. On the high and steep rock faces of the bay, which served also as a marble quarry, there are inscriptions and names of even prominent historical figures that date back to the 4th century BC, such as of Mark Antony and Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos in 1369 on his way to Venice. On the north of the peninsula theres a landmark cape, Kepi i Gjuhëzës, the westernmost point of continental Albania (Sazan Island being the one westernmost point of the country) and the country most famous Haxhi Alius cave. The eastern coasts are less rough and slope gradually to the bay of Vlora. From the altitudes of the peninsula, on clear weather, the coasts of Salento and the town of Otranto in Italy can be seen by naked eye.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Karaburun peninsula is part of the Sazan Zone, which is a constituent of the Albanides tectonic unit. Albanides form the link between Dinarides and Hellenides orogenic belts. They are considered allocthonous and mobilist theories deduce they come from the east. Tectonically, the peninsula consists entirely of Mesozoic Era limestone formations of Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. These formations have been continuously under the effect of Karst and are exploited as marble (metamorphosed limestone) since antiquity. The widespread Karst topography is responsible for the absence of potable water and thus the absence of any population on the peninsula. Despite the dry surface and upper soil layers, there are several water sources that pour deep directly into the sea. The geological evolution has formed also capes such as Galloveci cape and Kepi i Gjuhëzës, as well as a total number of 20 caves along the whole coast.</p><br>
<h3>Ecology</h3><br>
<p>The sea water surrounding the Karaburun peninsula forms the largest marine area of Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park. Further south to the peninsula lies Llogara National Park. It has a mild Mediterranean climate with hot summers and generally warm to cool, dry winters. Water sources are absent on ground surface. Nevertheless, the fauna is represented by several species, such as the endangered loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) that nests on the isolated beaches of the western Ionian coasts. Also the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) have also been sighted.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation is poor, but there are oak trees on the western side of the peninsula and on the plateau of Ravena (covered with pastures). The eastern side is covered with scattered bushes and pines. The marble found at Grama Bay was used in construction during ancient times, while inscriptions of sailors can be found on its walls. The largest cave of the peninsula is named after Haxhi Aliu, a well known pirate of the time.</p><br>
<p>Gjiri_Skaloma_Beget._Karaburun.jpgGjiri i Skalomës</p><br>
<p>Gjiri Grames. Karaburun.jpgGjiri i Gramës</p><br>
<p>Shpella e Dafines. Karaburun.jpgShpella e Dafinës</p><br>
<p>Gjiri_i_Ariut,_Brisan,_Karaburun,_Albania.jpgGjiri i Ariut</p><br>
<p>Haxhi_Aliu6.jpgHaxhi Aliu Cave</p><br>
<p>Grama_Bay.JPGGrama Bay</p><br>
<p>Moore-Howland Estate is a historic estate complex located at Catskill in Greene County, New York. The property includes a large estate house that was constructed during two major building programs in 1866 and 1900-1901. A number of small additions, alterations, and interior remodeling occurred between the 1920s and the present. It is a long, rambling building, one and one half to two and one half stories tall. The first floor is built of stone, with wood frame and board and batten siding above. There is an octagonal, wood shingled water tower near the northwest corner. In addition to the main house there are seven contributing dependencies: a carriage house, garden house, pump house, tool shed, gazebo, well house, and foundation of an original barn.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Turk Site  is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located near Bardwell in Carlisle County, Kentucky, on a bluff spur overlooking the Mississippi River floodplain.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The 2.5 hectare site was occupied primarily during the Dorena Phase (1100 to 1300 CE) and into the Medley Phase (1300-1500 CE) of the local chronology. Its inhabitants may have moved from the Marshall Site, which is located on the nearest adjacent bluff spur.</p><br>
<p>For a regional administrative center, Turk is a small site, but this is because of constraints placed on it by the geography of the bluff spur it sits on. The layout of the site is characteristically Mississippian, with a number of mounds surrounding a central plaza.</p><br>
<p>The earliest published investigation at the site was that of Robert Loughridge, published in 1888; the most extensive work at the site was conducted under Richard Edging and published in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Austfjorden is a fjord in Hordaland county, Norway. The 20 km long fjord runs along the border between the municipalities of Lindås and Masfjorden. It starts in Lindås and extends to the northwest. The Masfjorden joins the Austfjorden from the north, and then the Austfjorden empties into the Fensfjorden before reaching the open sea near Fedje. The Austfjorden is the innermost arm of the Fensfjorden. The village of Knarrviki and the Mongstad industrial area lie on the western shore of the Austfjorden. The village of Myking lies on the western shore of the fjord, near the innermost part of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the Austfjorden there are several deep bays. The first of these is the 2 km long Mjangersvågen with the small village of Mjanger the head of the bay. The next two are Nordkvingevågen with a harbor area at the village of Nordkvingo and Sørekvingevågen with a harbor at the village of Sørkvingo. Between these two lies the cape Melshovden. A little further south into the fjord is the Kjekallevågen bay where there is a causeway and a bridge at the mouth of the bay. At the Kjekallevågen bay, the Austefjorden stretches 6 km farther southeast and the Hidnesfjorden branches off to the west and heads south for about 8 km. At the head of the Hidnesfjorden, there is a 1.7 km wide isthmus of land that separates this fjord from the Osterfjorden to the south. The village of Ostereidet lies on the isthmus.</p><br>
<p>The Rowlandton Mound Site  is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in Paducah in McCracken County, Kentucky, on the edge of an old oxbow lake a little south of the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>The site was occupied from about 1100 to about 1350 CE. The 3-hectare site has a large platform mound and an associated village area, being roughly similar in size to the Wickliffe Mounds Site in far western Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It was once thought that large civic sites in Western Kentucky such as Rowlandton Mound, the Twin Mounds Site and the Tolu Site were expansions of the Kincaid Mounds polity in nearby Southern Illinois in the 13th century, but archaeological excavations in 2006 by Dr. Kit Wesler of Murray State University have shown that this was not the case. It is probable that these civic sites were established originally by local Late Woodland peoples.</p><br>
<p>The Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District is located in Hartford City, Indiana. Hartford City has a population of about 7,000 and is the county seat of Blackford County and the site of the county courthouse. The National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior added the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 2006 — meaning the buildings and objects that contribute to the continuity of the district are worthy of preservation because of their historical and architectural significance. The District has over 60 resources, including over 40 contributing buildings, over 10 non-contributing buildings, 1 contributing object , 8 non-contributing objects, and two other buildings that are listed separately in the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Districts significance relates to the discovery of natural gas in the east central region of Indiana. The discovery led to a regional economic boom known as the Indiana Gas Boom. Beginning in the late 1880s and lasting for about 15 years, the Gas Boom changed the economy and the appearance of the region. The Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District is situated in what was the center of Hartford City in the 19th and 20th centuries, and most of the buildings within the District were constructed during the Gas Boom era. The buildings within the District were built in several architectural styles, including Commercial Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival, and others. Many of the buildings exteriors have not been changed from their original appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hartford City began in the late 1830s as a few log cabins near a creek in East Central Indiana. The community was originally named Hartford. This was later changed to "Hartford City" after it was discovered that another "Hartford" already existed elsewhere in Indiana. The East Central Indiana version of Hartford was named county seat of Blackford County early in its existence, thereby ensuring its importance. It took over 40 years for the rural community to grow to a population of nearly 1,500. During that time, community planners had the foresight to plan for railroads, which linked the community to other cities, beginning in the 1860s. With a focus on agriculture, the entire county had only 171 people working in manufacturing as of June, 1880.</p><br>
<p>Hartford City Gas and Oil Company was formed in February 1887, and the company found natural gas in March of the same year. Surnames of some of the directors of this company can be found on the District&#39;s buildings today — Campbell, Smith, Dowell, and Weiler. Both oil and natural gas were discovered in the county in 1887, and the city began a period of rapid growth. Described as the "future metropolis of Eastern Indiana", the city successfully used its railroad facilities and abundant natural gas resource as enticements for manufacturers to locate there, and became a boom town. Hartford City was not alone with its good fortune — natural gas (and some oil) had also been discovered in adjacent counties. The entire East Central Indiana region was transformed during a fifteen to twenty-year period that became known as the Indiana Gas Boom, as manufacturers moved to the area.</p><br>
<p>Upon examination of Hartford Citys infrastructure, the Gas Booms transformation of the city is apparent. The wooden buildings surrounding the courthouse prior to the Gas Boom were vulnerable to fire, and the District had at least three major fires between 1871 and 1881. During the Gas Boom, wooden buildings were torn down and replaced with brick buildings. The courthouse was replaced with a magnificent stone and brick structure (see recent photo herein). Eventually, an interurban rail line ran by the east side of the courthouse square, providing easy access to the courthouse square commercial district and adding to the two rail lines that already served the city. The Gas Booms economic transformation of the city is also apparent when examining the citys population. By 1900, the city had grown to a population of 5,912. Over 1,200 people worked in manufacturing in Hartford City in 1902 — and this was in addition to the bankers, merchants, physicians, and lawyers necessary for a growing population. These population and manufacturing figures are considerably larger than the pre-Gas Boom figures for 1880.</p><br>
<p>The gas and oil became depleted in the early 20th century, and the Gas Boom era came to an end. However, Hartford City was permanently changed. The citys infrastructure was vastly improved. Buildings in the commercial district surrounding the courthouse square were made of brick and stone instead of wood. A municipal waterworks was built in 1894. Telephones became available to Hartford Citys surrounding rural areas in 1903. By 1914, 98 percent of the houses in Hartford City were wired for electricity. Roads were being paved, and the interurban line made it easier to travel to/from other cities. While some of the manufacturing facilities that depended on a low-cost source of fuel were closed after the boom, others remained in the city because they did not have a better alternative. A city that had very few manufacturing jobs now had a supply of skilled manufacturing personnel. Some of this skilled workforce remained in the city after the boom, while some found new occupations in the automobile and auto parts manufacturing facilities that were beginning to be located in nearby cities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Three styles of architecture are well represented in the collection of buildings that are part of the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District: Commercial Italianate, Renaissance Revival, and Romanesque Revival. A few examples of the Queen Anne style can also be found. Grouped together, these styles are called Victorian architecture, and buildings constructed in these styles during the 19th century are more likely to have decorative ornamentation (such as the face-like object from the east side of the Weiler Building shown herein) than buildings constructed later in the 20th century. Because many of the Districts buildings were constructed during the Gas Boom era (between 1885 and 1905), these styles of architecture are more prevalent than the styles that became popular later in the 20th century. However, additional architecture styles are also represented. An outstanding example of the Art Deco style can be found in the districts Scheidler Theatre, and the Post Office is the single outstanding example of the Neoclassical style. The commercial building at 210 East Washington Street is the District&#39;s sole representative of the Art Moderne style of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Romanesque Revival architecture was very popular in Hartford City, and at least 7 of the Districts contributing buildings were built using this style. This style of architecture is known for round arches in many of the openings. Smooth surfaces, sometimes with belt courses are also typical. A variation of the Romanesque Revival architectural style known as Richardsonian Romanesque was popular in America near the end of the 19th century, when much of the construction around Hartford Citys courthouse took place. The courthouse and Presbyterian Church are outstanding examples of Henry Hobson Richardson&#39;s variation in Romanesque Revival style. (See photos herein.) A corner tower, arched windows, recessed entrances, steeply pitched roofs, and multiple exterior textures (rustication) are typical of this style of architecture. The Richardsonian Romanesque buildings differ from the original Romanesque Revival buildings by having rough-textured exterior surfaces instead of all-smooth surfaces. The Hotel Ingram, Kirshbaum, and Weiler buildings were built in Romanesque Revival style with arched windows and multiple exterior textures, but they were not identified in the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form as Richardsonian (see photos of all three buildings herein.)</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>Located in the original center of the community, the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District includes significant portions of the citys historic commercial district. The town was platted using the Public Land Survey System typical of Northwest Ordinance communities — with rectangular blocks, and streets running north-south and east-west. Hartford Citys layout of a courthouse surrounded by an open area was a common design in the "Midwest" of the United States. The Courthouse Square Historic District includes the courthouse and surrounding blocks. Franklin Street is the northern most street in the district, and Water Street borders part of the southern part of the district. The west side is past High Street almost to Walnut Street, and the east side reaches half a block past Monroe Street toward Mulberry Street.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent diagram shows the district and its buildings. (The buildings may not be exactly to scale.) The property locations shown in orange are the sites of outstanding buildings of historic and/or architectural significance. Two of these buildings, the Blackford County Courthouse and the First Presbyterian Church, are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The locations shown in bright green are for buildings considered notable in historic or architectural significance, and the buildings sites (and one monument) denoted in pale green contribute to the continuity of the district. The dark gray locations are for properties that do not contribute to the historic district. At least two contributing buildings have been torn down since the Courthouse Square District was added to the National Register. Two additional Gas Boom era buildings located nearby and often mentioned in Hartford City history, the Van Cleve Block and the Cooley Block, were gone by the time the District was nominated for the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>Outstanding properties</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana, which has since been renamed Indiana Landmarks, identified seven properties within the Courthouse Square Historic District that have enough historic or architectural significance to potentially be listed in the National Register of Historic Places. These properties have been assigned a rating of "outstanding", which is the top rating. The properties are assessed for their historic significance, architectural merit, environment, and integrity. All seven of the outstanding properties listed here are contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District, and two have already been listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Blackford County Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The Blackford County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1980. Like most of the other buildings in the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District, the Blackford County Courthouse was built during the Indiana Gas Boom. The county&#39;s original courthouse was condemned in 1893, and removed to enable the construction of a new all-stone structure. The courthouse was built by Christian Boseker & Son in 1894. Designed by Arthur LaBelle and Burt L. French (of Marion, Indiana), the courthouse features the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture. (See adjacent photo.) The building has two main entrances (north side and south side) that both open into a main hall. The walls feature marble paneling, and the ceilings are covered with paneled steel. (Fireproofing was an important consideration for the courthouse construction plan.) The magnificence in architecture and size of the courthouse dominates downtown Hartford City. The Blackford County Courthouse reflects the wealth of the city during the Gas Boom, and could be considered a monument to that era. A Civil War monument was added in 2006.</p><br>
<h3>First Presbyterian Church</h3><br>
<p>Hartford City&#39;s First Presbyterian Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1986. The building was designed by local architect Alec Gable, and built in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Another monumental building built during the Indiana Gas Boom, construction of the church building started in 1892, and was completed in 1893. The church is the oldest church building in Hartford City. Located at the corner of Franklin and High Streets, the structure features huge stained-glass windows that were installed by local glass workers. (See photo herein.) The chapel contains features a pipe organ that was partially funded by a donation made by businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. With only one major addition to the original structure, the exterior of the building looks almost the same as it did in the 1890s.</p><br>
<h3>Other outstanding properties</h3><br>
<p>Blackford County Jail The Blackford County Jail was completed in 1879, and it is considered an outstanding example of the Italianate style of architecture. It is located at 120 East Main Street. The jail is the Courthouse District&#39;s oldest contributing building still in existence. T. G. Tolan and Son was the architectural firm, and the firm of Hinkley and Norris (of Indianapolis) was the builder.</p><br>
<p>Campbell Building The Campbell Building was built in the Renaissance Revival style in 1901. The two-story building is crowned with a large gable that bears a limestone tablet that reads "1901 Campbell". This building has the addresses of 207 through 211 West Washington Street. This building was originally an office building, and some of the occupants in the early 1900s were an attorney, a dentist, insurance agents, a physician, a realtor, and a steamship agent.</p><br>
<p>Ervin Building The Ervin Building was built in the Queen Anne style around 1890. It occupies the addresses of 201 through 205 West Washington Street. The facade of this corner building features three oriel windows. The name "Ervin" appears in stained-glass in the center of the building. The Campbell & Ervin dry goods store was housed in this building in the 1890s and early 1900s. The store sold clothing, hats, and shoes. (See 2010 photo herein)</p><br>
<p>Kirshbaum Building The Kirshbaum Building was built in the Romanesque Revival style in 1893. It is located on the corner of High and Washington Streets, with an address of 123 W. Washington Street. An early occupant was the citys First National Bank, and its name is engraved in limestone on the building. The engraving "1893 Kirshbaum" is located centrally atop the cornice. (See 2010 photo of Briscoe Block and Kirshbaum Building, Kirshbaum Building is corner building on far right.) Raphael Kirshbaum (also spelled "Kirschbaum" in earlier years) was the builder of this building. Another building constructed for Kirshbaum in nearby Randolph County is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Kirshbaum was a German merchant that sold goods in Portland, Union City, and Hartford City (all in Indiana). At one time, he partnered with Adolph Weiler in Hartford City. (See also section on Weilers Building.) Eventually, Mr. Kirshbaum settled in Indianapolis, and was the key contributor for the Kirshbaum Center in that city.</p><br>
<p>United States Post Office Hartford City&#39;s Post Office is one of the few buildings in the Courthouse District built during a period other than the Indiana Gas Boom. Built during the Great Depression, the project was Federal Public Works Number 207. Construction began in 1934, and was finished in 1935. Designed by Louis A. Simon, the Post Office is the only example of the Neoclassical style of architecture in the Courthouse District. It is located at 123 South High Street.</p><br>
<h2>Notable properties</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana has also identified five properties within the Courthouse Square Historic District that are above average in importance. After further research, these properties may have enough historic or architectural significance to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places. These properties have been assigned a rating of "notable", which is just below the top rating. The properties are assessed for their historic significance, architectural merit, environment, and integrity. All five of the notable properties listed here are contributing properties to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District.</p><br>
<p>210 East Washington Street Commercial Building This building was constructed around 1940 using the Art Modern style of architecture that evolved from Art Deco. This architectural style is not found elsewhere in the Courthouse District.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Ingram A three-story building built in the Romanesque Revival style. This corner building occupies addresses of 118 through 122 North Jefferson Street, and is located at the corner of Jefferson and Main streets, which is the northeast corner of the courthouse square. (See photo herein) Hotel Ingram is written in limestone on the second story of the buildings facade. The building was constructed in 1893, and opened to the public on January 9, 1894. The hotel originally had 45 guest rooms, and featured a large dining room with excellent food. The hotel building included a saloon known as the Ingram Bar. The Hotel Ingrams grand opening included a dinner for about 150 guests, plus entertainment provided by the Montani Brothers orchestra. W. F. Crist was the hotels original proprietor. During the hotels first month in existence, it had 1,200 "arrivals". The building was also the site of the Ingram grocery. The hotel became known as the Hartford Hotel in 1922. George D. Stevens, a local business executive and one of the communitys leading citizens, lived in a room at this hotel for many years during the first half of the 20th century. Stevens, who was described as "one of the richest men in Hartford City", made news after his death when it was discovered that he was a black man living as a white man in a town that had become all white.</p><br>
<p>Knights of Pythias/Tyner Building Designed by A. W. Maxwell and constructed around 1900, the building&#39;s architecture is a mixture of Romanesque, Classical, and Queen Anne, and it is located at 204–210 West Main Street. (See photo herein) The three-story building also has decorative limestone elements that resemble flames — possibly in tribute to the Gas Boom. "K of P" can be found on a western tablet, while "W.H. Tyner" can be found in the eastern panel. Among the offices in this Main Street building in the early 1900s were a confectioner, a doctor, and an attorney. The Knights of Pythias, Fraternal Order of Eagles, and Maccabees all held meetings in this building in the early 1900s. During a tumultuous period in the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had an office on the third floor of the building. Three events helped drive the Klan out of Hartford City — including one that happened in the Tyner building, and one that happened about four blocks away. First, a disturbing murder case against the state Klan leader disgusted many members. (Charles E. Cox, uncle of local newsman and Cox Building owner Edward E. Cox, assisted in the prosecution of this case.) Second, a safe in the Tyner Building was broken into, and the names of local Klan members were revealed. Third, violence that occurred at an event a few blocks from the courthouse caused the Hartford City mayor to order the local Klan leader out of town in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Rosenbush Building The Renaissance Revival building was built around 1890. Located at 110 West Main Street, the name Rosenbush can be found on the two-story building, written on a limestone tablet. The building has terra cotta star-like patterns on the brick above the windows. Years later, when the theater was closed, the building was the home of a tavern.</p><br>
<p>Scheidler Theater First owned by Matt Scheidler, this "very elegant and beautifully decorated" building was originally called the Hartford Theatre. Unlike most of the buildings in the district, this building was built after the Gas Boom, in 1947. Its architectural style is Art Deco. The structure is located at 122 East Washington Street.</p><br>
<h2>Other properties</h2><br>
<p>Other properties, in addition to those listed as outstanding or notable, contribute to the Hartford City Courthouse Square Historic District. Many of these were also built during the Gas Boom. Some of the contributors are listed below.</p><br>
<p>The terminology used to describe the buildings of the Gas Boom era is slightly different from that used today. The term "block" was often used to describe the group of offices or stores located in a building instead of referring to the building. As can be seen in the boundaries diagram and descriptions herein, these "block" buildings did not occupy an entire city block, but they often had multiple storefronts or offices with multiple occupants. For example, the New York Times article from 1899 (see below) refers to the "Briscoe Block" instead of the Briscoe Building. The article also lists multiple businesses that occupied the building. Another example can be found in a business directory from the Gas Boom Era. Some of the attorneys (and other businesses too) listed their address as part of a "block" such as "Campbell Block" or "Tyner Block". Most of the building names used herein rely on the building names found in either National Register forms or publications from the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Bank Block This two-story building was constructed in the Commercial Italianate style in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, Citizens State Bank was located at the 102 North Jefferson Street address. A law firm and barber also listed "Bank Block" as their addresses. The southern portion of the original building still has much of its original appearance. It is located at the corner of Jefferson and Washington streets, with an address of 100 North Jefferson Street. However, the northern portion has been substantially remodeled, and is now considered a separate building. The words "Bank Block" are on the northern portion that occupies addresses of 102 and 104 North Jefferson Street. All of the north buildings Commercial Italianate features are now removed. The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana&#39;s Blackford County Interim Report has a picture, on page 63, of the entire magnificent building circa 1900.</p><br>
<p>Briscoe Building This two-story Romanesque Revival building was constructed in 1893, and occupies the addresses of 113 through 121 West Washington Street. Three colors of brick are found on the facade, effectively dividing the building into three sections. However, the fire destroyed the roof of the building, and the remaining portion of the building escaped significant damage. The damage to the building was repaired, and the Briscoe Building still stands today. Occupants at the time of the 1899 fire included Kentucky Liquors, Western Union, Central Telephone, a grocer, and the J. L. Hoover Furniture Company — which later became long-time local retailer Hoover-Needler Furniture.</p><br>
<p>Cox Building Located at 217 North Jefferson Street (Jefferson and Franklin streets), the Cox Building is simply identified as "Commercial Building" in the Districts National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. An industrial building originally used for printing newspapers such as Hartford Citys Telegram, its architecture style has some Craftsman influences. The original building was designed by local architect P. J. Loney in 1895, and owned by newsman and prominent Democrat Edward E. Cox. The Cox Building was expanded to its present size around 1915.</p><br>
<p>Dowell Building Located at 107–109 West Washington Street, the Dowell building was constructed in 1893 using the Italianate style of architecture. Frank P. Dowell maintained an office in this building, conducting transactions related to real estate such as loans, mortgages, insurance, and titles. A notary public, he was also involved in buying, selling, and renting property. Frank Dowells father is Jessie H. Dowell, founder and president of Hartford City Natural Gas and Oil Company. In 1887, this company drilled the citys first successful natural gas well. The Dowell building is located on the south side of the square, east of the adjacent Briscoe Block.</p><br>
<p>W.H. Gable Block This two-story Commercial Italianate building was constructed in 1891, and occupies the addresses of 118 through 122 West Main Street. Five brick pilasters divide it into three storefronts and a stairway to the upstairs offices. "W.H. Gable 1891" appears in the center of the cornice. William H. Gable participated in the California Gold Rush in 1850 through 1852, and returned with enough money to begin various business interests, including furniture, undertaking, and real estate. The W. H. Gable business block was eventually built on land that was Gable&#39;s first real estate investment.</p><br>
<p>Griffin Buildings Two Griffin buildings are located side by side with addresses of 106 and 108 East Washington Street. The name "Griffin" can be found on the cornice of both buildings. Both were constructed around 1900. The 106 East Washington Street building was built in the Romanesque Revival style, and a second source believes this building was constructed in the 1890s. The Russell Lewis saloon was located at the 108 East Washington address during the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>E. Smilack Building The E. Smilack Building is located at 203 East Washington Street. The building was constructed around 1910 using the Craftsman style of architecture. A friend loaned him five dollars to start a junk business. After about a decade in the business, Smilack was involved in scrap iron, metals, hides, fur, and wool. He also became a provider of coal and firewood. Smilack prospered enough that he was able to invest in land and oil wells. By 1914, he was considered one of the wealthier men in Blackford County. Smilack, along with other family members, was killed on July 22, 1922, when his automobile was struck by a passenger train.</p><br>
<p>Sowers & Gough Drugstore This corner building, located at 200 West Main Street, was originally built around 1910, and remodeled using the Art Deco style of architecture around 1940. The Sowers & Gough Drugstore was originally across the street, but Gough bought the building at the 200 West Main street address and moved the drugstore after Sowers health failed. Cecil Goughs drugstore became a favored gathering place during the 1930s and 1940s, as the store had a soda fountain and seating. The drugstore was bought by Merrit Tams in 1947, and was later run by Pat Mehling as Mehling&#39;s Drugstore. A 2010 photo of building, painted white and no longer a drugstore, is shown herein (notable properties section).</p><br>
<p>Weiler Building Completed in 1896 according to the engraving at the top of the building, the three-story structure was built in the Romanesque Revival style. The Weiler name, written on a limestone tablet, can be found on the third story. The uppermost portion of the building above the windows features terracotta rosettes and faces of men. The building is located at 104 West Main Street. On June 12, 2014 the building was demolished.</p><br>
<p>World War I Memorial Hartford City&#39;s Blackford County courthouse lawn is the home of numerous war memorials. The World War I memorial was the first of the four larger memorials to be located at the corners of the courthouse lawn. It was dedicated on September 28, 1921. James Taylor, president of Taylor University, was the dedication ceremony speaker. The sculptor was Ernest Moore Viquesney. The sculpture is known as the "Spirit of the American Doughboy", and this particular version was the third one erected.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Hartford City Courthouse Historic District is eligible for the National Register under two criteria. First, a number of events influenced the development of the area (Criterion A), most notable the establishment of Hartford City as the county seat, and the Indiana Gas Boom. The district is the historic center of Blackford County&#39;s commercial, social, and governmental activity. As county seat, the courthouse and nearby offices became the focus of Blackford County government. In the late 1880s, the Indiana Gas Boom brought major growth and prosperity to the region, resulting in the construction of numerous commercial, retail, and social facilities in the area surrounding the courthouse. Later, during the 1920s, the courthouse square was the site for events involving the Ku Klux Klan.</p><br>
<p>The second reason the district is significant is its collection of buildings and their architectural styles (Criterion C). Most of these buildings were constructed during the Indiana Gas Boom in the late 19th century or early 20th century, and have many of their original features. Three styles of architecture, Italianate, Renaissance Revival, and Romanesque Revival are all well represented, and additional styles can also be found.</p><br>
<p>Nelly Island is the largest and easternmost of the Frazier Islands, lying in Vincennes Bay off Wilkes Land, East Antarctica.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Frazier Islands were delineated from aerial photographs taken by US Navy&#39;s Operation Highjump in February 1947. Nelly Island was visited on 21 January 1956 by a party of the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (ANARE) who established an astronomical control station there. It was so named by ANARE because of the giant petrels, or nellies, nesting there.</p><br>
<h2>Antarctic Specially Protected Area</h2><br>
<p>The island forms part of the Frazier Islands Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.160 because it supports one of only four known breeding colonies of southern giant petrels on continental Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>Missouri Buttes are located in Crook County in northeast Wyoming on the northwest flank of the Black Hills Uplift. The buttes are 3.5 mi northwest  of Devils Tower between the Little Missouri and the Belle Fourche rivers.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri Buttes consist of four separate summits which arise from an eroded mesa platform, the Butte Divide, which has an elevation of 4,650 ft. The butte peaks form a rough rectangle 0.5 x 0.65 mi. in size. The northwest butte is the highest with a summit at 5,374 ft. The northeast butte has an elevation of 5,212 ft, the southwest butte has an elevation of 5,020 ft and the southeast butte has an elevation of 5,055 ft. A small lake, the Missouri Buttes Lake, lies 800 m west of the buttes.</p><br>
<p>As with Devils Tower, the buttes are composed of igneous intrusive phonolite which exhibits columnar jointing. The rocks of the buttes have been interpreted to be part of a laccolith, a magmatic stock or volcano conduits that became exposed at the surface after overlying rocks eroded away.</p><br>
<p>The Wilton Free Public Library is the public library of Wilton, Maine, United States. It is located at 6 Goodspeed Street, across Wilson Stream from Main Street and just north of the town&#39;s central business district. It is located in the Goodspeed Memorial Library, an architecturally distinguished building designed by Harry S. Coombs, which was funded by Agnes Goodspeed and completed in 1916. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library building is a single-story Classical Revival building, built out of tan brick. The building is T-shaped, and stands overlooking Main Street across Wilson Stream. The main facade is three bays wide, the central one projecting and providing the main entrance. Brick piers frame the slightly-recessed entry, which has slender Tuscan columns on either side, supporting an entablature with a half-round wagon wheel window. A modillioned cornice line is topped by a parapet. The interior of the building features richly detailed woodwork, particularly in the paneled entry hall. A stained glass window decorates the central section, with reading rooms in the flanking wings.</p><br>
<p>The Wilton Free Public Library was established in 1901 by petition of the town residents, and originally housed in one of the downtown commercial buildings. In 1914 the town received a bequest from the estate of Agnes I. Goodspeed, supplemented by additional donations by her sons, for the construction of this library building, which was dedicated in October 1916. It is one of the later works of Lewiston-based architect Harry S. Coombs.</p><br>
<p>The Jay-Niles Memorial Library or Niles Memorial Library is the public library of Jay, Maine. It is located on Maine State Route 4, in an architecturally distinguished Colonial Revival building built in 1916-18 as a memorial to Veranus and Mehitable Niles, and the town&#39;s Civil War soldiers. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Jay-Niles Library is a two-story brick building, set on a terraced knoll overlooking Maine State Route 4 in North Jay. It is a basically rectangular structure, with projecting entrance sections to the west and north. The main (west-facing) facade is three bays wide, the projection flanked by large round-arch windows on the first floor and groups of three sash windows on the second. The projecting vestibule has a double-door with semi-elliptical fanlight window above at its center, flanked by paneled brick pilasters, and with brick corner quoining. A broad entablature separates the first and second levels, and is incised with the name of the library. The center bay above the entrance also has tripled sash windows. A cornice gives way to a parapet above, and the vestibule has a crown in the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The village of North Jay is documented to have had a subscription library established c. 1850, although it is not known how long this service lasted. The present building is the result of efforts by two brothers, Louville and S. H. Niles, to memorialize their parents, Veranus and Mehitable Niles, both longtime residents of Jay who died in 1893. It was built in 1916-18 to a design by Prescott and Sidebottom, and memorializes both the Nileses and Jay&#39;s soldiers in the American Civil War. The library was active until the 1970s, when it was closed for a time, reopening in 1980 with town support.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Fairfield Public Library, located at 339 Main Street, is the public library of Fort Fairfield, Maine, USA. Fort Fairfield had a private library as early as 1880. It became a town-supported library in 1894 with a circulation of 300 books. In 1911 the town received a grant of $10,000 from Andrew Carnegie - making it one of the seventeen Carnegie libraries in the state of Maine. The building was designed by Lewiston architect Harry Coombs, and built by R.J. Noyes of Augusta. The Fort Fairfield Public Library was completed and officially opened on September 9, 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 Colonel Franklin Drew, from Lewiston, who regarded Fort Fairfield&#39;s public library as one of the best in the state, donated his personal library to it. The Drew Room, where the genealogy records, town reports dating back to the late 1800s, the Fort Fairfield Review, and the Fort Fairfield Journal are kept, are named after his father, Jessie Drew.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 it added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994-5 an addition was added as a community room to be used for the benefit of the inhabitants in Fort Fairfield, local clubs and organizations. It also features the childrens room, the librarians office and bathroom, which are all handicap accessible. The community room was used as a temporary town office during the 1994 flood.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, a decision was made to computerize the librarys collection. 14,000 books were entered into computers for the librarians and library patrons&#39; use. The library had approximately 18,000 books, audio books, VHS & DVD movies, as well as 20 periodicals and 4 newspapers.</p><br>
<p>The Steep Falls Library, also known historically as the Pierce Memorial Library, is a public library in the Steep Falls village in the town of Standish, Maine, USA. Built in 1917 and enlarged in 1924, it was a gift to the community of Henry Pierce, a Standish native who made a business fortune in California. The building, a handsome Colonial Revival structure designed by Edward F. Fassett, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Steep Falls Library stands on the southwest side of Pequawket Trail (Maine State Route 113), south east of its junction with Main Street (Maine State Route 11), at the back of a semicircular drive. It is a single story brick building, with a hip roof. A pair of gabled entrances project from the front, the right one a gabled porch supported by granite Doric columns, while that on the left is an enclosed vestibule with a simpler entrance. The right entrance is set in a round-arch opening, with a band of windows around the arched door. Between the projecting entrances is a shed-roof projection with three groups of windows, each in narrow-wide-narrow form. Outside the entrances are Palladian windows. The building corners feature brick quoining. The interior of the building retains original Colonial Revival woodwork and decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>The right half of the library was designed by Edward F. Fassett and was completed in 1917; Fassett died in 1922, and it may have been his last commission. Henry Pierce, who funded its construction, was a Steep Falls native who made a fortune as a businessman selling supplies during the California Gold Rush. The left half of the library, housing the children&#39;s room, was added in 1924; it was designed by John Calvin Stevens and his son John Howard Stevens.</p><br>
<p>Standish&#39;s other public library is located in the village of Richville.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse–Great Falls, also known as Great Falls Post Office and Courthouse, in Great Falls, Montana, is a three-story building constructed in 1912. It was expanded by a two-story addition in 1937 and further expanded in 1967-68.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by James Knox Taylor and reflects Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals architecture and Second Renaissance Revival architecture. It served historically as a courthouse and as a post office, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed to be "an outstanding example of early Twentieth Century federal architecture in the Second Renaissance Revival mode" and it was asserted that it "symbolizes the early growth of the city and the federal governments recognition of citys importance as a regional center."</p><br>
<p>Tylihul  Estuary also called Tiligulskiy liman  or simply Tiligul is a Ramsar listed government protected estuary or liman of the Tylihul River. Located in Odessa Oblast in the south of Ukraine, the estuary includes an ornithological Game Reserve and the Tylihulskyi Regional Landscape Park situated on the East coast.</p><br>
<p>The name of the water body originates from the Deli Göl, meaning "mad, rabid lake".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Tylihul is one of the purest estuaries (brackish lagoons) on the northwest coast of the Black Sea, although there are some ecological concerns related to the existence of the bottom ammoniac tube and due to intensive fertilizing of the surrounding agricultural fields.</p><br>
<p>The estuary has a length 80 km, width 0.2—3.5 km, and a depth up to 19 m. The isolation of the estuary from the Black Sea occurred in the 18th to 19th centuries. Now it is isolated from the sea by a 7-km long and 4-km wide shoal. The shoal is covered by solonchaks and small lakes. The estuary has periodical connections with the sea via a narrow canal. Due to the canal the water level in the estuary is the same as in the Black Sea.</p><br>
<p>On the shoal of the estuary and on the nearby water area, the ornithological nature reserve Tylihulsky Peresyp is located.</p><br>
<p>Until the end of the 1960s the estuary consisted of almost fresh water, while by the 1970s it was taking more and more salinity from the Black Sea, changing its flora and fauna gradually.</p><br>
<p>Tylihul valley creates the number of so-called valley winds, as at summer time the sea breeze winds may go much further into the continent. The local winds are usually much stronger here.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Phytoplankton</h3><br>
<p>In total, 118 species and taxa of microalgae are registered in the Tylihul Estuary: Diatom algae - 51 species, Dinophyta - 31 species, Chlorophyta - 13 species, Chrysophyta - 8 species, Cyanobacteria - 7 species, Cryptophyta - 6 species, Euglenophyta - 2 species.</p><br>
<h3>Zooplankton</h3><br>
<p>There are 20 taxa of zooplankton are registered in the estuary at this time. Most numerous are copepods Acartia clausi and Calanipeda aqua-dulcis.</p><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>63 species of fish have been listed for the water body, including 7 introduced species. Common commercial fish in the estuary are gobies, sand-smelt, and Black Sea sprat. Until 1979 fish such as roach, zander, carp, goldfish were numerous and caught for fishing. Now, fishing in the estuary consists of haarder, which comes from the sea through the canal, and also sand-smelt and gobies.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and use</h2><br>
<p>Touristic and commercial infrastructure on the coasts of the Tylihul estuary is not yet well developed. Even in the summer the number of tourists is relatively low, though numerous private houses (dachas) are built on the western coast of the estuary in 1980s and 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The bottom of the estuary is covered by black therapeutic mud, or peloid, which is used for medicinal purposes. The estimated volume of the peloid is about 14 million tons.</p><br>
<p>On the west coast of the Tylihul Estuary is a village Petrivka, previously Pokrovske, where the castle of Ivan Kuris is located.</p><br>
<p>The estuary of Tylihul (Tiligul) is well-suited for many out-door activities, such as kitesurfing and windsurfing, annual international competitions are held on the east coast. Mountain-biking is also popular, and "Kalinovka" (informally called by locals "the Jug"), located in the Gulf of Kairy is the most popular paragliding site in Southern Ukraine and Odessa region.</p><br>
<p>The Old Rose Tree Tavern is a historic inn and tavern located in Rose Tree Park just north of the borough of Media, in Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Calvert was granted the land that the tavern stands on in 1682 by William Penn. Daniel Calvert, likely John&#39;s grandson, built a frame building along the Providence Great Road (now Pennsylvania Route 252) and was licensed to run a tavern there in 1739.</p><br>
<p>The current building is a large 2 1/2-story, fieldstone building, built in 1809, on the site of the earlier frame structure. A stone addition was built in 1836. The tavern was moved about 100 yards from its original site when PA-252 was widened. During 2011 the building was renovated and now houses the Brandywine Conference & Visitors Bureau.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Booth Farm is located near Boothwyn, in Bethel Township, Delaware County. The farmhouse was built in the Federal style in 1819 and a barn was also built about the same time. The roughly 77 acre farm was bought by Thomas Booth in the 1790s and has been used as a tenant farm throughout much of its history. He built the farmhouse for his son James who was born in 1790. Four following generations, all named Thomas Booth, have owned the farm into the 21st century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Booth immigrated to Pennsylvania from Yorkshire, England in 1712 and established a farm in the neighborhood. His son, also named Robert, was the original Thomas Booth&#39;s father. Robert Pyle bought the land in 1683, and his family owned the land until it was sold to the Booths. The Pyle house, which was an important meeting place for Quakers, was destroyed in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The barn was burned down by a tenant farmer and was then re-erected on the same foundation in 1910. A carriage barn was built in two stages in c. 1820 and c. 1830. Several other out-buildings were added at later dates.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Gilpin Homestead, also known as General Howe Headquarters, is a historic home located in Chadds Ford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The original house was built in 1754, and consisted of a brick building with two basement rooms, two first-floor rooms, two bedrooms, and the attic. About 1811, a stone addition was built that is now the middle of the house, and a second stone addition was completed by 1859. A porch was added between 1870 and 1897, and the garage was attached in 1949. Also on the property are a carriage house-barn, small barn, spring house, a creamery-cheese house, and the stone remains of a barn built in 1860. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe used the Gilpin house as his headquarters from late afternoon of September 11, until the morning of September 16, 1777, after the Battle of Brandywine.</p><br>
<p>The 1754 section was added to an earlier house, probably built in the 1730s. This was eventually torn down to allow for the 19th century additions. There is not, and never was a staircase in the 1754 section, but visible on the plaster wall in the present stair hall, is the "witness" of the original stair.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Pagan-Fletcher House is a historic home located at Valley Stream in Nassau County, New York. It was built about 1840 and is a two story, clapboard sided dwelling, five bays wide with a shallow central portico. It has a one story rear wing with an exterior end chimney. It was extensively remodeled in the early 20th century to the Colonial Revival style, when the farmhouse was more than doubled in size. It is the only surviving 19th century structure in Valley Stream. The house was the site of the village&#39;s first post office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The house has been restored by the Valley Stream Historical Society to an early 20th-century appearance. It is open to the public on Sunday afternoons.</p><br>
<p>Wauwermans Islands is a group of small, low, snow-covered islands forming the northernmost group in the Wilhelm Archipelago. Discovered by a German expedition 1873-74, under Dallmann. Sighted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, and named for Lieutenant General Wauwermans, president of the Société Royale Belge de Géographie, a supporter of the expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Islands in group</h2><br>
<p>Brown Island</p><br>
<p>Friar Island</p><br>
<p>Guido Island</p><br>
<p>Heed Rock</p><br>
<p>Host Island</p><br>
<p>Knight Island</p><br>
<p>Lobel Island</p><br>
<p>Manciple Island</p><br>
<p>Prevot Island</p><br>
<p>Prioress Island</p><br>
<p>Reeve Island</p><br>
<p>Sinclair Island</p><br>
<p>Squire Island</p><br>
<p>Wednesday Island</p><br>
<p>Carp River is a 21.9 mi river in Marquette County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The Carp River is formed by the outflow of Deer Lake in Ishpeming Township north of Ishpeming at {{coord|46|31|58|N|87|40|01|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Carp River }} in the Upper Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>The river flows generally east, emptying into Marquette Bay of Lake Superior at {{coord|46|31|07|N|87|23|02|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Carp River (mouth)}} near the Marquette Branch Prison on the south side of the city of Marquette.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries and features</h2><br>
<p>From the mouth:</p><br>
<p>* (right) Morgan Creek (also known as Gordons Creek and Little Carp River)</p><br>
<p>** Morgan Falls</p><br>
<p>** Lower Carp River Fall</p><br>
<p>** Morgan Pond</p><br>
<p>* Carp River Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) Mud Lake (also known as Beaver Creek Meadow and Beaver Meadow)</p><br>
<p>* Upper Carp River Falls</p><br>
<p>* (right) Picket Lake</p><br>
<p>* (right) Nealy Creek</p><br>
<p>* Deer Lake</p><br>
<p>** Gold Mine Creek</p><br>
<p>*** North Lake</p><br>
<p>** Cooper Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Cooper Lake</p><br>
<p>* Carp Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Larson Creek</p><br>
<h2>Drainage basin</h2><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Carp River includes portions of the following:</p><br>
<p>* In Marquette County:</p><br>
<p>** Ely Township</p><br>
<p>** City of Ishpeming</p><br>
<p>** Ishpeming Township</p><br>
<p>** City of Marquette</p><br>
<p>** Marquette Township</p><br>
<p>** City of Negaunee</p><br>
<p>** Negaunee Township</p><br>
<p>** Sands Township</p><br>
<p>** Tilden Township</p><br>
<p>The White Islands are a group of ice-covered islands extending north-south for about 10 nmi. They lie at the east margin of Swinburne Ice Shelf and near the terminus of Butler Glacier in the south part of Sulzberger Bay. This feature is rudely delineated on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928–30, as "low ice cliffs" that rise above the level of the ice shelf. The islands were mapped in detail by United States Geological Survey  from surveys and USA Navy air photos, 1959-65. The name was applied by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names  at the suggestion of Admiral R.E. Byrd. Named for Dr. Paul Dudley White, internationally renowned specialist on heart diseases, who was a consultant on medical matters in regard to USA Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, led by Byrd.</p><br>
<p>The Milo Public Library is located at 121 Main Street in Milo, Maine, USA. It is located in a small, architecturally distinguished building, built with funding assistance from Andrew Carnegie. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The Milo Public Library is set on a triangular lot in the main village of Milo, bounded by Park Street, Pleasant Street, and Milo Town Hall. It is a small rectangular brick building on a tall foundation, with a gable-on-hip roof. Its main facade faces west, and has sash windows in the leftmost bays, and a round-arched opening for the entrance on the right. The door is topped by a semicircular fanlight, and is accessed by concrete steps. The basement level is set off from the main level by a brick stringcourse, and there are smaller windows providing illumination to that level below those on the main level. The interior is arranged with the circulation desk and office in the southern end, with a shelf-lined reading room occupying the remaining space. There is a second reading room in the basement.</p><br>
<p>Milos first library was a "traveling library" organized in 1902 by local members of the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). It was housed in a private residence until 1909, when it was given space in the local Odd Fellows hall. The WCTU Public Library Association was established that time, and secured a $10,000 grant from the Carnegie Corporation in 1921. The town agreed to provide land for the library and funding for its maintenance. The building is a modified version of a Type F Carnegie library plan, its modifications designed by Bangor architect Frank A. Paterson, and was completed in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Castle of Molina de Aragón  is a fortification in Molina de Aragón, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1931.</p><br>
<p>It is located on a hill commanding the surrounding valley, and is formed by an external line of walls with four gates and numerous towers, which defends the internal fortress. The latter has six towers, of which four are currently in good conditions. Originally, the line of towers included a village. It originated as a Moorish fortress (10th-11th century), built over a pre-existing Celtiberian castle. The fortress was used as residence of the lords of the taifa of Molina. El Cid resided here when he was exiled from Castile. In 1129 it was conquered from the Moors by Alfonso I of Aragon, who gave it the Lara family.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Kurze Mountains  are a range of mainly bare rock peaks, ridges and mountains about 20 nmi long and 6 nmi wide in the Orvin Mountains of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. The feature stands between the Drygalski Mountains on the west and the Gagarin Mountains and Conrad Mountains on the east.</p><br>
<p>The Kurze Mountains were discovered and plotted from aerial photographs taken by the Third German Antarctic Expedition under Alfred Ritscher, 1938–39, who named them for the director of the Naval Division of the former Marineleitung (German Admiralty). They were remapped by the Norsk Polarinstitutt from surveys and aerial photos taken by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition, 1956–60, and given the name "Holtedahlfjella." The correlation of the prior name (Kurze) with this feature is quite definite and is recommended for the sake of international uniformity and historical continuity.</p><br>
<p>A. T. Stewart Era Buildings is a national historic district located at Garden City in Nassau County, New York. It consists of a thematic group of 50 residential, commercial, religious, and civic structures built as original elements of the planned community of Garden City between 1871 and 1893. They were built as part of the plan for Garden City devised originally by Alexander Turney Stewart . Included are 44 residences built between 1871 and 1878 and range in scale from modest cottages to large, rambling, three story frame "villas." Other buildings are: 53-55 Hilton Avenue commercial block , Garden City Water Works , Cathedral of the Incarnation Complex , St. Paul&#39;s School , Cathedral School of St. Mary </p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Apostle Houses</h2><br>
<p>The Apostle houses are unique to Garden City. There were originally ten. These homes were part of Alexander Stewart’s dream of a planned community with wide avenues and hundreds of trees and shrubs. Most of the Apostle houses that still stand today are residences, except one which houses the Garden City Historical Society. All are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the A.T. Stewart Era Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The houses are designed with mansard roofs and cupolas. Typically there are sixteen rooms: six bedrooms, five baths and two half baths. The houses also have servant&#39;s quarters. Characteristically, there are twelve foot ceilings and beautiful moldings.</p><br>
<p>Three homes have been torn down and one home has burned down since the original construction in the 19th century. Out of ten original homes only six remain.</p><br>
<h3>Original locations</h3><br>
<p>Hilton Ave. and Stewart Ave.</p><br>
<p>Hilton Ave. and Seventh St.</p><br>
<p>Hilton Ave. and Fifth St.</p><br>
<p>Hilton Ave. and Fifth St.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Ave. and Fourth St.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Ave. and Fifth St.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Ave. and Fifth St.</p><br>
<p>Rockaway Ave. and Fourth St.</p><br>
<p>Rockaway Ave. and Third St.</p><br>
<p>Rockaway Ave. and Second St.</p><br>
<h3>Current locations and changes</h3><br>
<p>Three of the four houses built on Hilton Ave have been torn down. The fourth Hilton Ave house, located on 40 Hilton Ave, had a kitchen extension in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The sixth home, originally on located Cathedral Ave and Fifth St, burned down.</p><br>
<p>The seventh home, originally on located Cathedral Ave and Fifth St was moved twice and is now located on Eleventh Street. Originally, the house was owned by the Episcopal Cathedral of the Incarnation, Garden City, and used as the grammar school for the Cathedral School of St Marys. It was known as "Little St. Marys. The Cathedral of the Incarnation went bankrupt and closed both St Marys School and St Pauls School. This house was given to the Historical Society and moved to its current location on Eleventh Street.</p><br>
<p>The tenth Apostle house, located at 15 Rockaway Avenue and Second Street, had many renovations and additions which include: central air, remodeled kitchen and basement.</p><br>
<p>Wase Rock is a massive dome shaped rocky inselberg found near Wase town in Wase Local Government Area of Plateau State in central Nigeria. Standing alone in the Wase plains, it achieves a remarkable height of about 350 m above the surface of the neighbouring surroundings. Available records indicate that this beautiful massive dome shaped rocky inselberg is one out of only five in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>It has been described as a volcanic plug by geographers. It is visible for a radius of 40 km due to its height.It is one of the only five breeding places for the Rossy white pelican birds in Africa. The government now protects about 321 hectare of land around the rock as a bird sanctuary and for wildlife development.</p><br>
<p>Mount Swadener  is a peak located in Edward VII Land, West Antarctica. This mountain is located in the Sneddon Nunataks, a group of coastal nunataks on the north side of the Alexandra Mountains of Edward VII Peninsula. Nearby geographic features include Swinburne Ice Shelf and Sulzberger Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and naming</h2><br>
<p>Mount Swadener was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground surveys and aerial photographs taken by the United States Navy between 1959&ndash;66. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Lieutenant John R. Swadener, U.S. Navy, navigator of the ski-equipped R4D Skytrain in which Rear Admiral George J. Dufek made the first aircraft landing at the geographic South Pole on 31 October 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Old Greenville City Hall, is a former building in Greenville, South Carolina. It was originally built as the USA Courthouse and Post Office in 1889 on the corner of Main and Broad Streets. After 1938, it was transferred to the City of Greenville and used as its city hall. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1971. After its demolition in 1972 or 1973, it was removed from the National Register in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The court office and post office was designed by James H. Windrim, who was Supervisory Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. It was built in 1889 on the site of the former home of Colonel David Hoke. The resident architect for the construction was James R. Lawrence, who moved from Port Huron, Michigan for the project and is locally recognized as the architect.</p><br>
<p>An addition on the north side was made in 1909. James Knox Taylor was the Supervisory Architect and signed the drawings. More alterations or minor additions were made in 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929, and 1931.</p><br>
<p>The USA Circuit Court for the Western District of South Carolina met here until 1898. The USA District Court for the Western District of South Carolina met here until 1937.</p><br>
<p>The City of Greenville traded a parcel of land on East Washington Street for the courthouse and post office. After construction of the new post office on that parcel, the building became the Greenville City Hall in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The present City Hall was built in the adjoining lot was formerly occupied by the local Masonic Temple. The Old City Hall was demolished in the early 1970s. A parking garage was built on its site, located across Broad Street from the Peace Center.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The two-story building was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. It had castellated towers and precast terra-cotta insets. It had a red tiled roof. The building has been described as similar to the Smithsonian Castle.</p><br>
<p>The foyer had pink marble floors. It had a staircase with half-turns on the landings that led to the tower.</p><br>
<p>The Northwest Angle State Forest is a state forest located in Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota. The name of the forest is derived from its location near the Northwest Angle, the northernmost point of the contiguous United States. The forest borders the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario, and the Red Lake Indian Reservation. The forest is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Tree species of the forest are Tamarack, Black Spruce, Eastern White Pine, Red Pine, Northern Whitecedar, and Paper Birch. Popular outdoor recreational activities are hunting, fishing and boating on Lake of the Woods, birdwatching, and dispersed camping. Trails are designated for hiking; all motorized recreation is prohibited, with the exception of snowmobiling in the wintertime.</p><br>
<p>The Joubin Islands are a group of small islands lying 3 nmi south-west of Cape Monaco, Anvers Island, at the south-western end of the Palmer Archipelago of Antarctica. The islands were discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903–05, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot, and named by him for Louis Joubin, the French naturalist. They have been designated a Restricted Zone under ASMA 7 — Southwest Anvers Island and Palmer Basin — which includes the marine area extending 50 m from the shorelines.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The islands share a volcanic and granitic geological origin with Anvers Island. Their vegetation, which is typical of the region, consists of a variety of mosses, lichens and algae, as well as the flowering plants Antarctic Hairgrass and Antarctic Pearlwort.</p><br>
<h3>Important Bird Area</h3><br>
<p>The islands have been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because they support a breeding colony of about 250 pairs of imperial shags. Other birds nesting on the islands include Adélie, gentoo and chinstrap penguins as well as southern giant petrels.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Church of the Saviour is a parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The church is located in Clermont, Iowa, United States. The church building, along with the statue of David Henderson, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The parish was established in 1867. The church was built the same year and it was consecrated by Bishop Henry Washington Lee on December 16, 1870.</p><br>
<p>The church building was built of Iowa limestone that was quarried from the Williams Quarry east of Clermont. In 1930 a slate roof replaced the cedar shingles that had been put on in 1903. It is one of three Episcopal churches that were built as a memorial to the two children of Frances Dyer Vinton of Providence, Rhode Island. The other two churches were built in Providence, and in San Gabriel, California. The altar and cross were given to the church from the Trinity Church Guild of Middletown, Connecticut. It was given in recognition of the work of Mrs. William Larrabee, Jr., a daughter-in-law of a former governor of Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>David Henderson Statue</h2><br>
<p>David B. Henderson was a member of the USA House of Representatives from 1882-1902. He represented the people of Iowa&#39;s 3rd congressional district. From 1899 to 1903 he served as Speaker of the USA House of Representatives. Congressman Henderson was the first Speaker of the House west of the Mississippi. Iowa Governor William Larrabee had the statue made and presented to the city of Clermont in his memory.</p><br>
<p>Central Office Building is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. It is located in the center of a block with other historic structures. It now houses loft apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Central Office Building was built in two phases. Gustav Hansen designed the first phase in 1904. Two years later Clausen & Clausen designed the second phase. The building was designed for H.F.C. Petersen who also owned the J.H.C. Petersens Sons Store on Second and Main Streets. Petersen was prominent in wholesale and retail goods in the city and his buildings housed his various interests. The building was constructed with retail businesses housed on the street level and office space above. Some of the early businesses included Spencer Furniture Company, Schiller Piano Company, and the Huebotter Furniture Company. Multiple retailers continue to fill the street level. Architectural firm Clausen & Kruse, formerly known as Clausen & Clausen, had offices on the third floor of the Central Office Building. The upper floors have subsequently been converted into loft apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is four stories and constructed of brick. The façade is divided into seven bays with three bays on either side of a central bay that contains a stairwell to serve the upper floors. The pier and spandrel facade suggests the buildings structural system, and it was used again in the J.H.C. Petersens Sons Wholesale Building and it was also built by Petersen and designed by Clausen & Clausen. While it appears symmetrical at first closer inspection reveals that it is not. The bays on the west are sized to accommodate groups of three double-hung windows. The bays of the east are narrower and are designed to accommodate a pair of double-hung windows. The building also features pilasters with rolled edges and homed gargoyles that run through the upper elevation of the building. A simple cornice tops the building and raised parapets mark the two portions of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building shows elements of the Victorian and the Chicago Commercial styles. The cornice and the grotesques on the capitals are all Victorian while the expression of the structure in the façade reflects the Commercial.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Berg Building is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. It is on the same block as the American Commercial and Savings Bank, Central Office Building and 202 W. Third Street. It is also next to the Ficke Block on Harrison Street. All of these structures are listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built around 1875 by Henry Berg who was a gunsmith. He occupied the retail space until 1910. Other businesses that occupied the storefront include the Hickey Brothers Cigar Store Number 6, Griffins Confectionary, Davenport Brick and Tile Company and Suburban Home Mortgage. The upper floors have been divided into apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is three stories with a cut corner and two richly detailed facades. It is constructed of brick. It is considered one of the most visually interesting commercial buildings from Davenport&#39;s mid-Victorian mercantile history. The corner entrance faces the intersection of West Third and Harrison Streets. Both facades feature three bays on the upper stories. The south elevation, which faces Third Street, has three windows in each bay. The west elevation, which faces Harrison Street, has two bays with double windows and one with single windows.</p><br>
<p>The upper stories of the building also feature decorative brickwork, which is the distinctive feature of the building. Turned bricks separate the main floor from the second floor. Paired pilasters with simplified capitals define the bays. The cornice at the top of the building is constructed of turned bricks layered in rows, to create an ornate pattern. The ground floor has been modified over the years.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 202 W. Third Street is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1916 and designed by local architectural firm Clausen & Kruse. Prior to this building, the site was occupied by T.W. McClelland Company, which manufactured doors, sashes and blinds. Businesses that have occupied this building include The Mecca Café and the Colorado Café, multiple cigar retailers including Main Cigar and the United Cigar Stores Co., offices of the Quad City Steamwheelers organization, law offices, Blu Clothing, and the Eastern Iowa Center for Problem Gambling. Other types of commercial enterprises that were housed here include a shoe shop, optical shop and a candy business. The building was renovated in 2013 and in November, Me & Billy Kitchen and Bar was opened.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a one-story structure on the corner of West Third and Main Streets that was designed to accommodate several businesses at the same time. The building is divided into five bays on the Third Street elevation and six on Main Street. Each elevation is dominated by large display windows. The steel structure, which was just becoming popular at the time, makes these large openings possible. The pilasters mounted on stone pedestals topped with an egg and dart motif suggests the Classical. It becomes more stylized in the cornice, which is highlighted by terra cotta discs and diamonds. The bottom edge of the storefronts also features mosaic tiles.</p><br>
<p>The Zoller Bros-Independent Malting Co. building is located on the edge of an industrial area in the west end of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The beer brewing industry in Davenport got its start after large numbers of German immigrants arrived in Davenport in the 1850s. The larger breweries developed after the end of the American Civil War. Five breweries were functioning in the city: Mathias Frahm and Son, Koehler and Lange (also known as Arsenal Brewery), Littig Brothers (later Mengel and Klindt and Eagle Brewery), Julius Lehrkind’s Brewery and Zoller Brothers. They all distributed their beer mainly in Davenport, Rock Island, Illinois and Moline, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Brothers Ernest, Herman and Charles Zoeller established the Zoeller Brothers Malt House in the mid-1880s in the Black Hawk area of Davenport&#39;s west end. In 1890 they reopened the Black Hawk brewery there father, Ernst Zoeller, Sr., had operated prior. In 1894 all the breweries consolidated into a single corporate structure called The Davenport Malting Company. They built this building in an industrial section of the west end that contained some of the first refrigeration equipment used in the city. As they built new additions on to the plant they closed the older structures. Production reached a high of 75,000 barrels of beer by 1916, and was the second largest brewery in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Independent Malting Company was formed in 1896 in the Zoller Brothers building after they had consolidated their operations two years prior with the other companies. Davenport Malting Company was divided into two firms in 1904, Davenport Brewing Co. and Hawkeye Realty Co. Both The Davenport Malting Company and Independent Malting Company closed with national Prohibition in 1916. Over 150 people from both companies lost their jobs. A black market for alcohol took hold in the city until Prohibition was lifted in 1933. Zoller Brewery reopened in 1935 and by 1941 they grew to become the largest brewery in Iowa. They employed 250-300 people and their annual output was 150,000 barrels of beer that was distributed in nine states and in 2,000 cities. The company changed its name to the Blackhawk Brewery in 1945. It ended production in 1952 with the rise of national brands.</p><br>
<p>The Uchtorff Brewing Company operated out of the facility for several years before they folded. The building has been used by United Van Lines as a warehouse in subsequent years.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The former brewery is an example of a combined office and industrial building from the 19th century. It is a two-story, brick structure that features a tripartite front, nine window-bays on each side and segmental arches. It has a recessed entrance with engaged piers, entablature and shallow pediment.</p><br>
<p>Littig Brothers/Mengel & Klindt/Eagle Brewery is located in a residential and light industrial area of the west end of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The beer brewing industry in Davenport got its start after large numbers of German immigrants arrived in Davenport in the 1850s. They brought both the demand and the knowledge needed for the breweries to develop and succeed in Davenport. Most of the operations in the city were small until after the American Civil War. Five large breweries were functioning in the city in the late 19th century: Mathias Frahm and Son, Koehler and Lange (also known as Arsenal Brewery), Littig Brothers (later Mengel and Klindt, then Eagle Brewery), Julius Lehrkind’s Brewery and Zoeller Brothers. They all grew steadily between 1860 and 1890. They made $52,000 in 1860; $93,000 in 1870; $178,370 in 1880; and $832,700. Their distribution was mainly in the local area of Davenport, Rock Island, Illinois and Moline, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Peter Littig opened a small brewery before the Civil War and by 1860 it employed six people and its annual output was $16,800. This building was constructed around 1865 and by 1870 the brewery&#39;s name had changed to Littig Brothers. During this same period, it was also known as Eagle Brewery. German immigrants George Mengel and Henry Klindt bought the operation in 1876. Before the turn of the 20th-century, it was known as Mengel & Klindt, Eagle Brewery, J. Lage & Co. and Lage, Mengel & Klindt.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 all the breweries consolidated into a single corporate structure called The Davenport Malting Company. They built a new building in the west end that contained some of the first refrigeration equipment used in the city. As they built new additions to the plant they closed the older structures. This building was used until about 1898. Davenport Malting Company was divided into two firms in 1904, Davenport Brewing Co. and Hawkeye Realty Co. Production reached a high of 75,000 barrels of beer by 1916, and was the second largest brewery in Iowa. It closed that year when national Prohibition became law.</p><br>
<p>This facility housed other industrial concerns over the years. In the early 20th century it was one of the locations for the Davenport Pearl Button Co.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The former brewery is a typical 19th-century industrial building and functional architecture. It is a three-story unadorned structure feature segmental arches and stone sills. The first floor, which is built into the side of a hill, is believed to be brick or stone that has subsequently been covered by concrete and stucco.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas J. Kuhnen House is a historic building located in central Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Nicholas J. Kuhnen</h2><br>
<p>Nicholas Kuhnen was born in Prussia and immigrated to the United States in the 19th century, settling in Davenport. He set up a small tobacco shop in 1854. Prior to the American Civil War, he expanded his business to include cigar wholesaling and manufacturing. He became one of four cigar manufacturers in the city. In the 1860s he distributed free tobacco seeds to area farmers in the hopes of acquiring a reliable local supply of tobacco. The effort did not work to Kuhnen&#39;s benefit as the farmers found the necessary care of the plants to be too much work for them. By the 1880s he had the largest cigar factory north of St. Louis, Missouri and west of Chicago and at times employed 500 people.</p><br>
<p>He had to deal with two labor strikes in the 1880s. The workers were protesting low pay, poor working conditions and long hours. The first strike ended after a short time because of the workers&#39; fear of the management. The second strike had the assistance of the International Cigar Makers Union under the leadership of Peter Knickrehm, a cigar maker himself and a Socialist. It weakened the company financially, but Kuhnen emerged from the strike victorious and the company continued in business until 1915. Alex Anderson and Frank Rhoades took over the business after Kuhnen and they were succeeded by Smith, Reimers and Company.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Unlike many German immigrants to Davenport who lived on the west side of town, especially in what is now known as the Hamburg Historic District, Kuhnen built his home on the east side of town. The house was designed by Davenport architect John Ross. It follows the Italianate style, which was popular in the city at the time. Unlike some of the earlier manifestations of the style in Davenport that favored the simplicity derived from the Greek Revival, the Kuhnen House features high Victorian embellishment. It is a two-story structure that is situated on a large corner lot. It features bracketed eaves, a central pavilion that protrudes from the main façade, a porch that covers two-thirds of the front of the building, projecting bays and triangular roof dormers. Brick and stone are utilized to achieve a polychrome exterior. There is also a variety of window styles employed on the house.</p><br>
<p>Mackay Estate Gate Lodge is a historic gatehouse located at East Hills in Nassau County, New York. It was designed in 1899 and built in 1900 - 1902 by noted architect Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White in the French Baroque style. It is a small but imposing stone building with a central entrance flanked by small square lodges and topped by a steep slate mansard and pyramidal roof. The central vehicular entrance contains a wrought iron gate of elaborate design. The house was originally a component of Clarence Mackay&#39;s Harbor Hill Estate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is one of three remaining buildings listed at that time; the others are the Mackay Estate Dairyman&#39;s Cottage and Mackay Estate Water Tower.</p><br>
<p>Irvine Island is located off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia in the Buccaneer Archipelago. It is about 250 km north-east of Broome, 140 km north of Derby and hosts an unmined deposit of iron ore. Irvine Island has a surface area of 893 hectare and is 5 km west of Cockatoo Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and mineralisation</h2><br>
<p>Irvine Island is one of three Islands forming the Kimberley Iron Ore Hub. The other two islands, Koolan and Cockatoo have been in productive mining for over 50 years.</p><br>
<p>Iron mineralisation at the Hub is much younger than the deposits of the Pilbara and is contained within sedimentary rocks as visible dark brown bands within the otherwise pale brown and generally repetitive sandstones. However, one layer in particular, the Yampi Member, contains very high concentrations of iron and has been the primary focus of exploration and mining activity in the region. This layer outcrops on all three islands of the Hub making it the closest iron ore deposit in Australia to Asia.</p><br>
<p>The Yampi Member is a ferruginous clastic sedimentary rock and constitutes the upper part of the Pentecost Sandstone. On Irvine, it unconformably overlies the Elgee Siltstone and is characterised primarily by dark grey haematite and magnetite quartz sandstone and quartz pebble conglomerate. Department of Minerals and Petroleum.</p><br>
<h2>Historical exploration</h2><br>
<p>Mackay Estate Water Tower is a historic water tower located at East Hills in Nassau County, New York. The tower is a utilitarian structure manufactured by the Phillipsburg, New Jersey firm of Tippett and Wood. The tank is round in plan and topped by a bell-shaped slate roof and copper cupola. The tank stands on eight legs, each of which is 34 feet tall. The water tower and tank are concealed inside a tall structure designed by Stanford White that is constructed of stone, laid in random ashlar, and the roof is spanned by a Guastavino tile dome. The tower was originally a component of Clarence Mackay&#39;s Harbor Hill Estate.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is one of three remaining buildings listed at that time; the others are the Mackay Estate Dairyman&#39;s Cottage and Mackay Estate Gate Lodge.</p><br>
<p>Horatio Gates Onderdonk House is a historic home located at Manhasset in Nassau County, New York. It was built in 1836 and is a Greek Revival style building with a two story, three bay central mass flanked by one story, one bay wings. It features a giant portico supported by four Doric order columns. By 1933, the Onderdonk farm was purchased for development by Levitt and Sons, who built the neighboring North Strathmore community. The house served as an office facility for the development, until the formation of the Strathmore Association, a membership organization composed of the owners of Strathmore property. The house and four corner plots adjoining “The Circle” were conveyed to the association on December 3, 1936, and the property has been maintained by the Strathmore Association since that time.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Cornell-Van Nostrand House, also known as Schumacher House, is a historic home located at New Hyde Park in Nassau County, New York. It was moved to its present location on the grounds of Clinton G. Martin Park in 1952. It is a two story, architecturally mixed wood frame building containing an early 19th-century section, two mid-19th-century sections, and an early 20th-century addition. It is arranged in a "T" shaped plan on a concrete foundation with brick above grade. It features a single height portico with square Doric order columns and a simple entabulature, built about 1850.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The house is currently in a state of advanced disrepair, boarded up and exposed to the elements via numerous holes in the roof.</p><br>
<p>Sands-Willets Homestead is a historic home located at Port Washington in Nassau County, New York. It is a 20-room, shingled 2-story building with an enlarged porch and porte cochere. The west wing dates to about 1735 and was originally a four-bay, -story house with end chimneys over a full basement. The main portion of the house is a Greek Revival–style dwelling built during the first half of the 19th century. Also on the property is a contributing barn dated to the late 17th century and garden. The barn was moved to the property in 1978. It is operated as a historic house museum by the Cow Neck Peninsula Historical Society, which also offers tours of the Thomas Dodge Homestead.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The City Hall of Moscow, Idaho, formerly known as the Moscow Post Office and Courthouse and Moscow Federal Building, is a building in Moscow built in 1911. Its red brick with ivory terracotta trim reflects Late Victorian and Eclectic architecture.</p><br>
<p>As a federal building, it served historically as a post office and a courthouse of the USA District Court for the District of Idaho. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, Two years later, it was acquired by the city from the General Services Administration for $70,000, with half of that funded from the state historical society. At the time, the land alone was valued at $100,000.</p><br>
<p>Rejected for use as a library in 1979, it became a community center in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>A bond issue to fund a renovation was defeated in late 1986, it became the city hall of the municipality in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office and Courthouse is a post office and federal courthouse located at 200 North 8th Street in Quincy, Illinois. The building was designed in 1885 and completed in 1887. Architect Mifflin E. Bell, Supervising Architect at the time, designed the French Renaissance Revival style building. Bells design was inspired by Richard Morris Hunts design for the William K. Vanderbilt House in New York City; at the time, the French Renaissance Revival style had not spread to Illinois, which made Bells work distinctive in the region. The buildings design features a limestone exterior, arched entrances and first-floor windows, and an ornate roof with pointed gables and dormers.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Dorrance Mansion is a historic house built in 1862-63, located at 300 Radcliffe St., Bristol, Bucks County, Pennsylvania on the Delaware River in the Bristol Historic District. The house represents the lavish life of Bristol&#39;s early Victorian industrialists. It is considered one of the grandest homes on Radcliffe Street and is the only example of residential Italianate architecture in Bristol. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The brick mansion is nearly unchanged since its construction. An illusion of great height is given by the symmetrical front facade with the windows on the upper floors decreasing in their proportions. The rear three-story porch and five-story elliptical central tower are especially distinctive. The tower contains a winding staircase that extends from the basement to the top of the tower. The original kitchen is located in the basement, and the tower contains a second staircase that connects the kitchen with the dining room. The river level foundation is built of random coursed fieldstone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Dorrance, Sr., bought an interest in Bristol Mills about 1827 and later bought out his partners. The mills themselves were first constructed in 1701. Dorrance became a director in companies involved in steamboat lines, railroads, and shipping. He participated in local business, politics, and government from 1835 to 1860. During this time the mills sold corn meal to the West Indies and to Southern States. Dorrance lived across the street while the mansion was being built on a lot he bought in 1828.</p><br>
<p>After his death in 1869, Dorrances sons sold the mills, which included a mill race and pond, a saw mill as well as the grist mill, a lumber yard, canal stables, coal sheds, a blacksmith shop, a store, and two houses. Dorrances sons inherited the mansion and John, Jr. bought out his brother in 1879. The son of John, Jr., G. Morris Dorrance, later inherited the mansion. The Dorrance family kept the mansion until 1921; soon afterwards it was bought by the Bristol Knights of Columbus. The mansion returned to use as a private residence in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Another son of John Dorrance, Sr., Arthur was an early investor and manager of the Campbell Soup Company. Arthur hired his nephew, John Thompson Dorrance, sometimes known as John Dorrance III, who developed the companys condensed soup line, and in 1915 became sole owner of the company. John Thompson Dorrances grandson, also known as John Dorrance III, sold his share of the company in 1995-96 for about $1.5 billion, and with a 2009 net worth of $2.3 billion was listed as number 296 in the Forbes list of the world&#39;s richest people.</p><br>
<p>The United States Post Office and Courthouse in Augusta, Georgia is a U-shaped building that was built during 1915-16 as a post office and courthouse, with elements of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture including creamy marble walls and a red mission tile roof. Design credit is to USA Supervising Architect Oscar Wenderoth. The building was extended to the rear in 1936, and received interior modernizations in 1960 and 1971. It was vacated and extensively rehabilitated during 1992-96.</p><br>
<p>Also known as United States Courthouse, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It was deemed significant architecturally as an excellent example of Italian Renaissance Revival style, and historically as a symbol of Federal government presence in Augusta.</p><br>
<p>The Walter E. Hoffman United States Courthouse, formerly known as the USA Post Office and Courthouse, is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Norfolk, Virginia. Built in 1932, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It reflects Art Deco architecture. It served historically as a courthouse and as a post office.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse, located in downtown Norfolk, was constructed as a Post Office and Courthouse in 1932-34. Local Norfolk architects, Benjamin F. Mitchell and the firm of Rudolph, Cooke, and VanLeeuwen, were jointly responsible for the architectural design. Although built during the Depression, the building is quite lavish in its design and finishes. Upon its completion, this four-story, gray limestone building was considered at the time to fall "little short of magnificence", according to the local paper, the Virginian-Pilot. The elaborate Art Deco interior is marked with a high level of craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>During the first two decades of the twentieth century, the city of Norfolk experienced an explosion of prosperity, in part due to the rapid growth of the Naval Base. The need for a new, larger courthouse and post office was becoming so acute that temporary postal stations were established to handle the overflow of postal congestion. At the time, the courthouse and Post Office were both housed in the circa 1898 Federal Courthouse at 235 E. Plume Street. In 1915, a committee was appointed and headed by Norfolk&#39;s Mayor Wyndham R. Mayo to petition Congress for an appropriation of funds for the construction of a new Federal building in the city. The committee included Postmaster Major Clinton L. Wright, as well as many civic and business leaders. This petition was never approved, despite being submitted and resubmitted throughout the 1920s as the need for more space increased. In 1922, funds to acquire temporary housing for mail operations were allocated.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, Congress made a tentative allocation of $1,150,000 for the Norfolk Federal building. Menalcus Lankford, Congressman elect from Norfolk, and Postmaster Major Wright, successfully realized $2,050,000 in appropriations for the federal building. A site was selected on January 12, 1931. The location consisted of two small blocks between Brambleton Avenue on the north, East Bute Street on the south, Monticello Avenue on the east and Granby Street on the west, bisected by York Street. The site consisted of approximately 81,000 square feet, part of which had been occupied by St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church, destroyed by fire ten years earlier.</p><br>
<p>On April 9, 1931, the Virginian-Pilot announced that a team formed by local architect Benjamin F. Mitchell in association with the firm of Rudolph, Cooke and VanLeeuwen was selected to design the new building. B.F. Mitchell, a noted architect of many Norfolk projects, had worked for the city in the planning and building of the City Market. He designed Booker T. Washington High School and Southgate Terminal, one of the largest construction projects in the area. The firm of Mitchell, Rudolph, Cooke and VanLeeuwen was known for designing several apartment buildings, the addition to the Virginia Beach Casino, and several buildings in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Bids were opened in Washington on April 11, 1932 for the construction of the foundation of Norfolk&#39;s new Federal Building. The Virginia Engineering Company of Newport News won the contract with the lowest offer of $210,000. Part of the bid required that the foundation of the building was to be completed in 120 days.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the remainder of the building was opened for bid on October 21, 1932. Shortly after this time, the Treasury Department decided to reduce the building to four stories in height instead of five stories. The construction contract was awarded to Consolidated Engineering Company (Baltimore, MD) with the low bid of $1,034,000. Although the height of the building was scaled down, measures were taken during construction to allow for the addition of a fifth story at a future date. Although more than $2 million had been appropriated for the construction, the funding was later cut to $1,925,000. The building&#39;s total cost was $2,710,000, including $575,000 for the purchase of the site and $210,000 for construction of the foundation.</p><br>
<p>John Rapelye was selected to serve as the consulting engineer by the Treasury Department in January, 1933. By the following September, the cornerstone was laid "with solemn rites" (The Virginian-Pilot, September 8, 1933). Postmaster General James A. Farley and Virginia Senator Harry Byrd were among the special guests who spoke at the ceremony. The building was officially complete on October 14, 1934, when the keys to the building were turned over to the Post Office by Rapelye. However, the Post Office did not move into its quarters until the following week, October 21, 1934. The courthouses were moved in shortly afterwards. The Post Office remained in the building for 50 years, moving to a separate facility in 1984. At this time the remainder of the building was rehabilitated for additional courthouses for the USA District Court of Eastern Virginia. The building, renamed the Walter E. Hoffman USA Courthouse, was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in October, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Although this outstanding Art Deco building is one of only a few Art Deco federal buildings in the Tidewater area, the building reflects a national trend in Federal building design of the 1930s that became the Art Moderne style of the 1930s and 1940s. These new federal buildings were monumental in scale, a tribute to the democratic ideals of the 1930s, with reference to the strength of the government. A Virginian-Pilot article from September 22, 1934 noted that the building was "fashioned in conservative modernistic design and giving the impression of unlimited stability and bulk." Compared to the earlier Beaux Arts style, the designs were restrained in ornament, expressing a new attitude that was fresh, clean-lined and modern in the simplicity of the forms and materials. The building illustrates the strong rectilinear qualities associated with the Art Deco style, and later Art Moderne style, and incorporates classical features popular in earlier governmental buildings.</p><br>
<p>Also typical of the Art Deco style was the choice and use of the materials. Limestone is the primary exterior material, with a contrasting dark granite base and decorated aluminum spandrels between aluminum-framed windows. On the interior, the design and use of slick materials, such as granite, marble, aluminum, are presented in a simply composed geometric design with a high level of refinement. All of the cast aluminum designs are the work of a young local artist, Wyatt Hibbs. "All the appointments here are ultramodern, combining beauty with utility to a high degree" (Virginian-Pilot, September 8, 1934). It is the materials and their exquisite design and treatment that separates the building from the general body of Depression era work. Although the buildings designed and constructed under the WPA/PWA programs present similar stylistic devices and some of the same materials, the economic situation forced a more restrained approach, eventually resulting in a distinct style - the Art Moderne. Significant to the building&#39;s history is the short period of time required for its construction, just over two years. Today, having undergone a complete rehabilitation, with relatively few exceptions, both the exterior and interior are in excellent condition.</p><br>
<p>The Walter E. Hoffman Courthouse stands as a significant Federal building, contributing to the architectural and historic character of Norfolk. It specifically enhances its streetscape as part of a planned complex of civic structures.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural description</h2><br>
<p>The Walter E. Hoffman USA District Courthouse is a trapezoidal-shaped building located on an irregular-shaped lot covering a two-city block area. The building is four stories in height,plus a basement. The primary (west) elevation fronts directly onto Granby Street and is 311 feet wide. The north elevation, facing Brambleton Avenue, is 218 feet wide. The south elevation, facing Bute Street, is the smallest side at 140 feet wide, and the east elevation, facing Monticello Avenue, is the longest at 321 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>The building illustrates many significant characteristics of the Art Deco style that were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Its streamlined, elegant, and rectilinear designs and polished materials are mixed with simplified classical features that are typical of nationally designed government buildings.</p><br>
<p>The stepped-back, simplified ziggurat massing of the building establishes a long east-west horizontal axis with smaller, vertical axes at the main and secondary entrances. The second through fourth stories are stepped back from the partially below-ground basement and first story. The exterior walls terminate with a decorative parapet at both the first story and roof. The form and massing combined with two types of carved ornament also serve to distinguish the separate services of post office and courthouse.</p><br>
<p>All of the exterior elevations of the building are clad in light gray limestone wall panels set above a substantial base of polished black granite, approximately seven feet in height. Ordered fenestration, typically paired one-over-one aluminum-framed windows, organizes all facades. At the basement level, the original paired metal windows with metal louvers provide natural light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s main entrance is located on the west elevation, with three secondary entrances (now fire exits) on the west and east elevations. The full-height main entrance bay projects beyond the main facade and extends to the penthouse level on the roof. The secondary entrances are alike in design, and rise three stories in height. The architectural features at these entrances are similar to the main entrance, but are smaller in scale and simpler in decoration. All of the entrances feature simple aluminum-framed plate glass doors with brass hardware in a distinctive Art Deco design.</p><br>
<p>On the north elevation, the first and last bays project as one-story wings. The original loading dock platform and canopy for the postal area, located between the one-story wings, was removed in 1985. The area was infilled using replicated materials, features, and design motifs from adjoining facades: carved stone banding, aluminum double-hung windows, and polished black granite base. A new ramp with polished black granite walls has been installed to provide barrier-free access to the building. The upper part of the north elevation is flanked on either end by two full-height limestone-clad towers that handle furnace exhaust.</p><br>
<p>An interior court originally featured three skylights which provided natural light to the first floor postal workroom below. These have been removed and the openings infilled with a flat roof slab. These skylights were originally designed to provide natural light to the first floor postal workroom.</p><br>
<p>Since the postal function was removed in 1983, the building functions only as a courthouse, with several of the historic courtrooms largely intact on the third floor. Although additional courtrooms have been added, all have been executed with a high level of craftsmanship, featuring solid wood full-height paneling and carved wood details. Many secondary spaces throughout the building have been rehabilitated and renovated over the years, but were carefully fitted with replications of the original wood details: solid wood base, chairrail, window sills and stools, door casings, and paneled doors. In many cases the original materials were cleaned or refinished and reinstalled. In many of the secondary spaces and hallways, modern dropped ceilings and fluorescent lighting have been added, concealing the original plaster ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The first and third floors are historically the most elaborate with a lavish application of marbles, terrazzo, and ornamental cast aluminum finishes. The first floor L-shaped Main Lobby features full-height marble wall panels in a "crotch mahogany" or butterfly pattern. The marble floor is presented in a herringbone design with alternating tones of pink and rose marble, edged with a green marble border. Three of the six original oblong writing tables, made of marble and cast aluminum, remain in the north/south portion of the Main Lobby.</p><br>
<p>The original main courtroom on the third floor (USDC Courtroom #1), and adjoining Courtroom Lobby and Judge&#39;s Chambers, are equally lavish. Cream-colored mansota marble lines the walls of the Courtroom Lobby; the Main Courtroom, largely intact, features a mansota marble wainscot and classically detailed acoustic stone walls and pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The original, utilitarian postal workroom and offices on the first and second floors have been carefully rehabilitated for judicial offices and courtrooms. The basement houses the major machinery and provides storage space. The building has been adapted for barrier-free use and dead-end corridors were eliminated to comply with fire codes.</p><br>
<p>The organization of the site and its landscape treatment is typical of freestanding urban buildings. The building is approached from Granby Street, with reserved parking on the Bute Street and Brambleton Avenue sides. The building retains its original pink granite curbs and steps. The landscaping has been confined to a narrow strip between the building and the sidewalk on the east and west elevations. Minimal plantings remain on the south elevation, originally designed as an open grass panel surrounded by an oval grove walk and a ring of plantings.</p><br>
